(My inital plan is to just install the tank and hook it up to make sure the toilet pulls in the water. I thought for this I could just leave the lid open.)
OK, so far. The connection on the tank that the toilet draws from will have to be on the bottom, or at a low point on one of the sides of the tank - not on the top.
(Once it has been determined the tank will work I wanted to add a deck fill with the access being in a storage locker.)
It'll work. I'm not wild about the deck fill, although it can be done. The hose from the deck fill to the tank, and all connections will have to be water-tight. But where the problem comes in, is that the deck fill location will be much higher than the tank, so the vent will have to come up to that same level on the deck. Otherwise, the water "head" in the hose between the deck and the tank will run out the vent and into the boat. That's why I asked how you planned to fill the tank... If you were going to fill it manually with a bucket, right at the tank, no problem. But the deck fill poses a little problem.
(I wondering what the harm would be if I could somehow expoy in a fitting for the vent and then connect a hose that would run into the bilge in the event that the tank overlflows.)
If filling it from deck level, the tank will defiinitely overflow from the vent line. Depending on what type of tank you use, you may be able to drill and thread a hole in the tank, then add a thread/hose barb adapter to accomodate the vent line. It will have to be water-tight, and run up to the same level as the deck fill, preferably a little higher.
If it will be hidden inside a locker, what I would do is to add a fitting on the tank for the vent with a hose barb (maybe 1/4" - the vent line doesn't have to be all that big). Then attach the vent tube to the hose that goes up to the deck fill, with wire ties or even electrical tape. At the deck level, have the small tube come up through a hole drilled for it, about 2", then the tube would simply end - with the open end of it sticking up about 2". It will provide the necessary vent, and when you're filling the tank, when you see that the water in the vent line is about to overflow out the top, you'll know that the tank is full.